The results of long-term studies of the distribution and composition of hydrocarbons (HCs) in the suspended particulate matter and bottom sediments of the Norwegian and Barents Seas during cruises of the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 2016–2020 are presented. An increase in HCs concentrations in surface water from an average of 2.8–8.3 (2016–2017) to 20–23 μg/L (2019–2020) was detected, which was due to climate change. In bottom sediments, the distribution of HCs depends not only on the conditions of sedimentation and the particle size composition, but also on the variability of redox conditions and endogenous flows from sedimentary strata.