The factors behind the formation of soils and the soil cover in the Karelia-Kola region are considered. The connections of the ongoing soil formation processes with the climate, parent rocks, terrain, and plant cover are traced. The zonal specificity of soil formation is demonstrated, and the existing soils and structure of the soil cover in the Kola Peninsula and Karelia are characterized in detail. According to the Russian Soil Classification (2004), Kola Peninsula soils fall into 9 types belonging to 5 divisions and 2 trunks. The territory of Karelia has 17 soil types within 6 divisions and 3 trunks, proving the diversity of soils in the soil cover in higher.